[Surgical access for small-sized lung lesions].

Experience of diagnostics and surgical treatment of of 100 patients with small-sized lung lesions was analyzed. Thus, authors pose, that patients with lung focal lesion less than 10mm in diameter, should have a lung resection, performed from minithoracotomy. Videthotacoscopic lung biopsy is appropriate by multiple focal lesions. Patients with solitary peripheral lung lesion more than 1sm in diameter, should get a lung resection, performed from minithoracotomy with videoassistance. Patients with solitary lesion less than 5 mm in diameter requier radiological dynamic follow-up (CT-scan each 6 months).

[Intraoperative ultrasound investigation and laser spectroscopy for diagnosis of cancer in patients with lung tumors].

The experience in more than 2000 surgeries on the lungs is analyzed. Recently intraoperative ultrasonic and laser autofluorescent spectroscopic revision of tumors of the lungs and mediastinal organs is successfully used. Intrasurgical ultrasonic examination of the lungs permits to detect the structure and diffusion of primary lung tumor (invasion of vessels) that influences policy of treatment. Optical spectroscopy permits one to carry out intraoperative rapid diagnosis of benign and malignant lung tumors.

[Influence of emotional stimuli on behavior and respiration of rabbits with various locomotor activity in the "open field"].

Different behavioral reactivity of rabbit groups differentiated by locomotor activity in the "open field" was revealed during exposure to emotional stimuli (rustle, loud sound, pressuring on back of the neck, vibroacoustic tactile stimulation of an ear). In passive rabbits, the active locomotor reactions were induced harder and freezing was obtained easier than in active animals. During exposure to sound stimuli, passive rabbits increased their locomotion more rarely than active animals, pressing on back of the neck produced longer freezing, a threshold of defensive ear shaking in response to a vibroacoustic stimulus in passive animals was highest. Training to mild immobilization increased the threshold of defensive responses in active rabbits and animals of the intermediate type. Changes in respiratory parameters were correlated with behavioral reactions to emotional stimuli. The duration of exhalation and respiratory cycle increased during freezing and increased during enhanced locomotion. The duration of inhalation decreased in response to emotional stimuli irrespective of a behavioral reaction. The respiratory reactions to emotional stimuli differed in rabbits of different groups. The respiratory rate more frequently changed in passive rabbits than in animals of other groups. Passive animals reacted mainly by exhalation, active rabbits and animals from the intermediate group predominantly responded by inhalation.

[Ultrasonic technologies in diagnosis and treatment of patients with surgical diseases of lungs and pleura]. / Ul'trazvukovye tekhnologii v diagnostike i lechenii bol'nykh s khirurgicheskimi zabolevaniiami legkikh i plevry.

The results of complex examination and treatment of 376 patients with different diseases of the lungs and pleura were analyzed. High-frequency ultrasound was used in 256 patients for diagnosis of lungs and pleura surgical diseases, 412 ultrasonic examinations were performed. Intraoperative treatment of pleura with low-frequency ultrasound was carried out 134 times for prophylaxis and treatment of acute postoperative pleura empyema in 120 patients operated on for malignant tumors and chronic purulent diseases of the lungs. High efficacy of high-frequency ultrasound for diagnosis of pleura empyema, diffuse and encapsulated pleurisy is demonstrated. Ultrasound-assisted pleural punctures an transthoracic aspiration biopsies permit to avoid complications. Ultrasonic examination of the lungs during surgery in patient suspected of lung cancer permits to study tumor structure. Treatment of pleura with low-frequency ultrasound and combination of this method with photodynamic therapy promote reliable sanation of pleural cavity. Limited rethoracotomy and treatment of pleura with low-frequency ultrasound is the method of choice in the treatment of acute postoperative empyema when there is no effect of conservative treatment.

[Morphological characteristics of head hairs and hairs from other parts of the body in the population of Asia]. / Morfologicheskie osobennosti volos golovy i drugikh oblastei tela u zhitelei Azii.

The paper describes specific morphological features of hairs from the head, beard, chest, axilla, pubis of the native population of Syria, India, Lebanon, Jordan, Yemen, Nepal, Palestine, Bahrain, Iraq and some residents of the Eastern Europe (Russians, Belorussians, Ukrainians). The hairs were studied macroscopically and microscopically (light microscopy). Digital data on hair thickness and number of lines of cuticula pattern were analysed using methods of variance statistics. Original information on some macro- and microscopic characteristics of hair has been obtained for citizens of the above countries.

[Combined use of low-frequency ultrasound and photodynamic therapy in the prevention of postoperative pleural empyema]. / Sochetannoe primenenie nizkochastotnogo ul'trazvuka i fotodinamicheskoi terapii dlia profilaktiki ostrykh posleoperatsionnykh émpiem plevry.

Results of surgical treatment of 20 patients with malignant lung tumors operated in N.N. Burdenko faculty surgical clinic were analyzed. The authors have developed the method of prophylaxis of acute postoperative pleural empyemas patented in Russian Federation. This method is: after main stage of operation (lob- or pneumonectomy) pleural cavity in filled with antiseptic solutions (furacillin 1:5000, 0.02% chlorgexidin). 5 ml of photosense (sulfured ftalocyanin of aluminium) were injected in pleural cavity, after it pleural cavity is treated by low-frequency ultrasound. After it the antiseptic is removed and pleural cavity is irradiated by red light with use of KAMIN-VIDEO lamp. In all the 20 operated patients who had undergone sanation of pleural cavity by low-frequency ultrasound and it irradiation by KAMIN-VIDEO lamp the postoperative period was uncomplicated.

[Study of microinjuries to hair cuticle of human head by scanning electron microscopy]. / Izuchenie mikropovrezhdenii kutikuly volos golovy cheloveka metodom rastrovoi élektronnoi mikrskopii.

The author presents the data on microclues in the free edges of hair cuticles of human head: microinjuries, microdefects (cracks, breaks, clefts, large and small waves) in representatives of Asia, Africa, Latin America, and Eastern Europe. The studies were carried out by scanning electron microscopy. Microinjuries of cuticle cells forming during hair combing by different types of combs and as a result of "permanent" curling are described. Scanning electron microscopy at the optimal magnification of x 3000 is a highly informative method for investigating microinjuries to the hair cuticle as additional signs in expert evaluation of the hair.

[Complex use of ultrasound in the diagnosis and treatment of surgical diseases of the lung and pleura]. / Kompleksnoe primenenie ul'trazvuka dlia diagnostiki i lecheniia khirurgicheskikh zabolevanii legkikh i plevry.

Since 1980 the N.N. Burdenko Faculty Surgical clinic, I.M. Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy, has been using a combination of high- and low-frequency ultrasounds for the diagnosis and treatment of surgical diseases of lung and pleura in 156 patients for the diagnosis of pleuritis of various genesis, in 40 patients for transthoracic aspiration biopsy of lung tumors in the preoperative period, in 156 patients for pleural puncture and drainage, in 40 patients for the intraoperative differential diagnosis of peripheral lung tumors and for the inspection of hematogenic and lymphogenic metastatic areas, in 100 patients for intraoperative prophylaxis, and in 20 patients for the treatment of acute postoperative pleural empyema. Ultrasound was demonstrated to be of high informative value in diagnosing different pleuritis. Transthoracic aspiration biopsy was shown to have some advantages over standard methods: use of needle catheters for pleural puncture permits one to avoid serious complications (pneumothorax, bleeding, etc). Ultrasound was used in intraoperative diagnosis of peripheral lung tumors for the first time. The use of low-frequency ultrasound for the intraoperative prevention of acute postoperative pleural empyemas promotes reliable sanitation of the pleural cavity, as confirmed by bacteriologic control data. Timely rethoracotomies with low-frequency ultrasound treatment of the pleura promote more rapid inflammation elimination in the pleural cavity and prevents irreversible complications.

[Study of cuticle patterns of head hairs by scanning electron microscopy]. / Izuchenie tipov risunka linii volos golovy cheloveka metodom rastrovoi élektronnoi mikroskopii.

Cuticle patterns of 5 subjects living in different countries have been studied under a scanning electron microscope. Hair cuticle pattern in different individuals can be complex, simple, or mixed type. The most incident is the complex type of hair cuticle pattern (75-80%), while the simple type is much more rare (15-20%) and the mixed type still more rare (2-5%). Variation statistical analysis helped differentiate hairs from aborigines of some countries of Asia, Africa, Latin America, and East Europe by the number of cuticle pattern lines. High efficiency of scanning electron microscopy in studies of hair cuticle patterns is shown.

[Content of macro- and trace elements in human body and environmental factors]. / Soderzhanie makro- i mikroélementov v organizme cheloveka i ego zavisimost' ot faktorov vneshnei sredy.

Evaluations of the mean normal, increased, or decreased concentrations of macro- and trace elements in human body and biological media (e.g. hairs) are discussed. It is proposed that the element composition in an individual (mean normal, increased, or decreased) be evaluated by comparison with the mean level for the region, which depends on the biological, geological, and chemical (soil, water, etc.), ecological, climatic, and geographical factors. The efficiency of such an approach is demonstrated by forensic medical and clinical physiological findings.

[Application of ultrasound in differential diagnosis of pleurisy]. / Ul'trazvukovoe issledovanie v differentsial'noi diagnostike plevritov.

According to literature data, pleural exudate is diagnosed approximately in 10% of pulmological patients. The importance of differential diagnosis of pleuriesy is expained by variability of the diseases accompanied by pleural exudate. 146 patients with various diseases accompanied by pleural exudate were examined: 39 from them had pleural empyema, 53--diffuse pleurisy, 42--incapsulated pleurisy, and 12--tumors of the pleura. All the patients underwent ultrasound examination (USE) of the chest together with a routine roentgenography, as well as computed tomography. USE was performed on the. Toshiba and Hitachi egurpment, which work in real time regime with sectorial sensing element (3.5-5.0 mHz). The obtained data show, that USE is most effective diagnostic tool in incapsulated and diffuse liquor accumulations in pleural cavity. In 6 patients the diagnosis of pleuritis was possible only at USE of the pleural cavity. Evaluation of the structure of the liquor and detection of tumor conglomerates on parietal pleura have a substantial diagnostic value. It is noted that echotomographic picture might be insufficiently informative in some situations with a small length of the contact of the lesion with the thoracic wall (less than 3 cm) or thickness of pleural layers up to 4-5 mm, in the presence of artefacts due to pulmonary tissues and osteal structures of the thoracic wall (ribs, scapula, sternum).

[Morphology of hairs on the head and other parts of the body in the residents of Africa]. / O morfologicheskikh osobennostiakh volos golovy i drugikh oblastei tela u predstavitelei narodov Afriki.

The morphology of hairs from the head, beard, chest, armpits, and pubis was studied in indigenous population of Sudan, Sierra-Leone, Cote d'Ivoir, Ruanda, Nigeria, Gambia, Kenya, Uganda, Burundi, Zaire, Southern African Republic, Angola, Benin, and Guinea Bissau. A total of 327 hair specimens were examined. A number of new parameters of hairs were determined: thickness, number of cuticle pattern lines per mm, optic edge pattern, cuticle patterns, methods for detecting the cortical and medullar layers, width of hair layers and their transverse sections. The resultant morphological signs are new specific signs for African residents (Negroid) which can be used in forensic medical studies for identifying the race appurtenance of hairs.

[Structure of hair on the head and other parts fo body in Latin Americans]. / Ob osobennostiakh stroeniia volos golovy i drugikh olbastei tela u predstavitelei narodov Latinskoi Ameriki.

The structure of hairs from the head, chest, armpits, and pubis of residents of Latin America (Bolivia, Salvador, Panama, Ecuador, Chile, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Peru, Brasil, and Mexico) has been studied. New data on macro- and microscopic characteristics of hairs of the population of the above countries were obtained (color, shape, length, thickness of hair; number of cuticle lines; characteristics of hair layers, shapes of transverse sections, etc.).